Author notes — full detail, auditor-facing

This is a pre-registered prediction for the fullerene-battery hypothesis. The framework predicts C60 should serve as a resonant electron trap with six discrete charge states at 0.45 V step spacing. This entry locks the predicted values *before* experimental synthesis and electrochemical characterization confirms or refutes.

The prediction

A C60-based test cell electrochemically loaded should show:

Confirmation thresholds

Fully confirmed if (all of):

• Empirical cyclic voltammetry shows exactly 6 reduction peaks at

step spacing 0.45 ± 0.05 V across the 0–2.7 V window.

• Tunneling-suppression measurement (compare C60 with featureless

spherical reference) shows ≥10⁸× retention factor.

• Charge-state retention exceeds 30 days at room temperature with

<5% loss per state.

• Cycling stability >10,000 cycles with <2% capacity loss.

Partially confirmed if:

• 5 or 7 reduction peaks observed (vs predicted 6) but spacing

matches 0.45 V — the geometric mechanism is real but the cage capacity prediction needs refinement.

• Step spacing 0.30–0.40 V or 0.50–0.60 V (within ~20% of predicted)

— the mechanism is real but the framework's prediction of cage- diameter-to-step-spacing scaling needs adjustment.

• 6 states at correct spacing but tunneling suppression only 10⁵–

10⁷× (vs predicted 10⁹×) — mechanism real but suppression factor was overestimated.

Falsified if (any of):

• Cyclic voltammetry shows continuous reduction (no quantized

steps).

• Number of steps differs from 6 by more than ±1, and spacing

differs from 0.45 V by more than ±0.1 V — geometric prediction has failed in a way the partial-confirmation thresholds don't rescue.

• C60 shows no enhanced retention vs spherical control

(suppression factor < 10×) — the {5}-fold-retention mechanism fails empirically.

• Cycling stability <100 cycles before capacity loss exceeds 10%

— would indicate that the "no chemistry" claim is wrong; something is reacting.

Variants under separate prediction

If the C60 prediction confirms, the framework predicts *related but distinct* values for:

• C70 (rugby-ball fullerene): different state count and spacing

due to elongated geometry. The framework predicts 7 states at ~0.38 V spacing (lower-confidence prediction; depends on the framework's mapping of asymmetric-cage geometry to charge capacity).

• Endohedral fullerenes (M@C60, M = Li, Na, K): modified

spacing depending on encapsulated metal's geometric effect on cage interior. Predictions to be filed separately when prepared.

The cleanest confirmation comes from C60 specifically; C70 and endohedral variants are second-order tests.

Why pre-registration matters here

Battery performance claims are notoriously susceptible to post-hoc tuning — "we predicted 6 states; we measured 7; but if you count the small extra peak at higher voltage as a single state, we got 7 which is actually consistent with…" etc. The pre-registration locks the prediction at exactly 6 states with 0.45 V spacing. The empirical result either lands in that window or it doesn't.

The 804 mAh/g energy-density figure is particularly important to pre-register because energy-density claims in battery research are often inflated by post-hoc accounting. The framework's prediction of 804 mAh/g assumes pure C60 with all 6 states fully addressable in normal-temperature operation. Empirical implementations involving binders, electrolytes, current collectors will give lower practical numbers; the comparison should be against the *pure C60 theoretical* prediction, not the practical-implementation number.

Status of evaluation

• Fabrication of high-purity C60 electrode cells is well-established

technology (commercial sources of >99% pure C60 exist).

• Electrochemical characterization is standard CV + galvanostatic

cycling work in any battery-research lab.

• No collaborator has yet run the test against the framework's

pre-registered values.

The test is *cheap* — a few thousand dollars for a single test cell. The barrier is collaborator capacity, not equipment cost.